Unit Nine You Go Your Way, I’ll Go Mine

一、学习目标
1. 四、六级词汇和短语
awkward, chew, deliver, department, disgrace, eager, extend, immediately, implication, interrupt, nervous, pause, responsible, shock, smooth, swiftly, tragic, unhappy, whoever
hear of, be responsible for, come out (with), smooth out, hold oneself in, take the place of, get to one’s feet, over and over again
2. 结构与句式
3. 同义辨析
1) decline, deny, refuse, reject
2) extend, spread, stretch, expand
4. 学习误区警示
1) eager的用法
2) whoever
5. 提高英语听力（七）
6. 阅读理解阅读技巧 （七）
7. 提高英语写作 （七） 句子写作 （七）

二、写作赏析
本文讲述了发生在战争年代的一个普普通通的故事。文章结构紧凑，作者描写细腻入微，生动地刻画了主人公，一个伟大的母亲罗莎·桑多瓦尔太太和心地善良的邮差霍默。
本文动作描写到位，心理描写细致，如描写霍默的局促不安，用了一个长句，“He could not hear anything, but he was most eager to see who this person would be ---- this woman named Rosa Sandoval who was now to hear of murder in the world and to feel it in herself”，仿佛开门动作长得难耐；而课文倒数第二句 “He got to his feet, as if by standing he meant to begin correcting what could not be corrected and then he knew the foolishness of this intention and became more awkward than ever ”描写小男孩的如坐针毡的心理活动更是淋漓尽致。文章轻松平淡，语言略带喜剧色彩，但读者却能看到一个内在的严肃的悲剧主题：战争给千千万万个家庭带来不可名状的痛苦。

三、课文学习
Suggested activities:
1. Role-playing
There are only two characters in this story. It is advisable for you to act them. The following is a suggested version for your reference:
(Knocks at the door)
H: Is there anybody in the house?
(The door is opened)
S: Oh! (studying Homer’s eyes) You have a telegram? Who is it for?
H: Mrs. Rosa Sandoval, 1129 G Street. Are you Mrs. Sandoval? (Delivering the telegram.)
S: Please, please come in. I cannot read English. I am Mexican. I read only “La Prensa” which comes from Mexico City. (She pauses a moment but continues before Homer can speak.) You must open the telegram and read it to me.
H: Yes, ma’am. (Opening the telegram with nervous fingers)
S: Who sent the telegram ---- my son Juan Domingo?
H: No, ma’am, the telegram is from the War Department.
S: War Department?
H: (Mumbling swiftly) Your son is dead. Maybe it’s a mistake. Everybody makes a mistake, Mrs. Sandoval. Maybe it wasn’t your son. Maybe it was somebody else. The telegram says it was Juan Domingo. But maybe the telegram is wrong.
S: (Pretending not to hear) Oh, don’t be afraid. Come inside, come inside. I will bring you candy.
(Homer takes a piece of candy, put it into his mouth, and tries to chew.)
S: You would not bring me a bad telegram. You are a good boy ---- like my little Juanito when he was a little boy. Eat another piece. (She makes the boy take another piece of candy.) It is your own candy, made from cactus. I made it for my Juanito when he came home, but you eat it. You are my boy, too. (Suddenly she begins to sob, holding herself in as if weeping were a disgrace.)
H: (Feeling awkward, frustrated and embarrassed, murmuring to himself) What can I do? What can I do? I’m only the messenger.

四 、课文辅导
（一）内容概述
本文讲述了二战期间，年轻的电报投递员霍默给一位墨西哥裔老太太罗莎·桑多瓦尔递送通知她儿子牺牲的电报的故事。小霍默虽然不太懂得死亡的意义，但善良的他却为给罗莎带来这悲伤的电文感到内疚。罗莎对他像对自己的儿子一样，以驱散他的不安，从而使自己也感到好受一些，然而一切都无济于事，没有人能帮助他们改变残酷的现实。

（二）背景知识
1. 威廉·萨罗扬(William Saroyan)
本文作者威廉·萨罗扬出生于美国加利福尼亚，是颇具盛名的当代美国作家之一。其发表的作品有长篇小说、短篇故事及剧本等。本篇课文取材于他在1943年（第二次世界大战期间）发表的小说The Human Comedy一书。
2. 仙人掌王国墨西哥
墨西哥人钟情仙人掌，国旗、国徽上有仙人掌图案，把它崇尚为国花。首都墨西哥城的索卡洛广场上有仙人掌的雕塑。墨西哥的气候非常适宜仙人掌生长。墨西哥农民把仙人掌当主食，仙人掌的木质很坚硬，墨西哥人把它的茎杆做燃料和建造农舍、做家具，还用它的纤维制作粗布。
3. 美国的墨西哥移民
美国是一个移民国家。墨西哥移民与欧洲移民不一样，他们主要聚居于美国西南部的山区，社会与经济较为闭塞，所以他们“美国化”的进程也比较缓慢。文中的桑多瓦尔太太就是一个典型的例子。比如她的英语口语很好，但她并不会阅读英文，她看的报纸仍然是西班牙语报纸。她还喜欢用仙人掌做墨西哥风味的食品。多数墨西哥人信奉天主教，而且以注重亲情而有名。

（三）重点词汇精讲
1. soften v. 使柔软，变柔软；使变柔和，使变温和
[举例] I greased my glove to soften its leather.
我给手套抹油以使皮革变软。
Her heart softened to see the children playing in the garden.
看到小孩们在庭院游玩，她的心情温和下来。
[词组] soften up 削弱；使软化
2. tragic adj. 悲剧的，悲剧性的；悲惨的
[举例] a tragic actor悲剧演员
a tragic accident 悲剧性的意外（事件）
[派生] tragedy n. 悲剧
tragically adv. 悲剧性地，悲惨地
[反义] comic
3. imply v. 暗示；暗指；包含
[举例] Silence implies consent.
沉默意味着表示赞成。
He implied that one of his friends was guilty.
他暗示他的一个朋友有罪。
Rights imply duties.
权力必然包含义务。
[派生] implication n. 含义；暗示
implied adj. 暗指的
4. shock v. 使震惊；使愤慨；电击
n. 冲击；打击；震惊
[举例] I was shocked at the news of his sudden death.
= I was shocked to hear the news of his sudden death.
我听到他突然去世的消息感到很震惊。
The news was a great shock to us.
那个消息给我们很大的震撼。
[派生] shocking adj. 使人震惊的
5. deliver v. 递送；发表；接生
[举例] The mailman delivers the mail twice a day in this area.
这个地区的邮差每天送两次信。
He delivered a long speech.
他发表了一个很长的演说。
The doctor managed to deliver the triplets safely.
医生总算平安顺利地接生了那胎三胞胎。
[派生] delivery n. 递送，发送
deliverer n. 拯救者；递送者
6. awkward adj. 尴尬的；笨拙的；使用不便的
[举例] an awkward situation / silence 麻烦的情况/尴尬的沉默
The young boy was awkward with a knife and fork.
那个年轻人用起刀叉来非常笨拙。
These scissors are awkward to cut with.
这把剪刀很难剪。
7. responsible adj. 有责任的，应付责任的；成为…原因的
[举例] Parents are responsible for their children’s safety.
父母应负责子女的安全。
What is responsible for the fight?
那场打架的起因是什么？
[派生] responsibility n. 责任，职责，义务
8. extend v. 伸出（手）；延长，伸展，扩展
[举例] The lady extended her hands to the guest.
那位女士伸出手来和客人握手。
They extended the subway to the suburbs.
他们把地铁延长到郊区。
This road extended to the port.
这条道路一直延伸到港口。
[派生] extension n. 延长，扩展，扩大
extensive adj. 广大的，广泛的；大量的
extensively adv. 广大地，广泛地
9. pause n. & v. 暂停，中断，休息
[举例] make a pause 停顿
without (a) pause 没有休息
There was a pause before she began to speak again.
她停顿一下又开始说话。
Jane paused to look into the shop window.
简停下脚步，看一看橱窗。
10. interrupt v. 打断，阻碍；使中断
[举例] Don’t interrupt me while I’m working.
我在工作时别打扰我。
He interrupted his work to have lunch.
他中断工作去吃午饭。
[派生] interruption n. 妨碍，中断
11. nervous adj. 神经的，紧张的
[举例] the central nervous system 中枢神经系统
Tom was very nervous when he stood on the platform.
汤姆站在讲台上感到很紧张。
[派生] nerve n. 神经
nervously adv. 神经质地；担心地
12. smooth adj. 平滑的，平静的；顺利的
v. 把…弄平；使平静；平息
[举例] a smooth skin /road 光滑的皮肤/平坦的道路
smooth out a table cloth 铺（拉）平桌布
The sea smoothed down toward evening.
海面在近傍晚时平静了下来。
[派生] smoothly adv. 平滑地，顺利地
smoothness n. 平滑；温和；平静
13. department n. 部门；系
[举例] Where is the shoe department?
鞋子销售部在哪里？
the department of literature
= the literature department文学系
[联想] 美国的部Department 和部长Secretary：
the Department /Secretary of State 国务院/国务卿
the Department of the Treasury财政部
the Department of Defense 国防部
the Department of Justice 司法部（the Attorney General司法部部长）
the Department of the Interior 内政部
the Department of Agriculture农业部
the Department of Commerce 商业部
the Department of Labor劳工部
the Department of Health and Human Services社会保健及福利部
the Department of Housing and Urban Development 住宅与城市开发部
the Department of Transportation 交通部
the Department of Energy 能源部
the Department of Education 教育部
14. chew v. 咀嚼
[举例] Chew your food well before you swallow it.
食物要细细咀嚼后再吞下去。
[词组] chew on 咀嚼；细细考虑
chew sb out 严厉责备某人
chew over 仔细思量，详细考虑
chewing gum 口香糖，橡皮糖
[联想] nibble 一点点地咬
bite 咬
gnaw 啃（啮）硬物
devour 狼吞虎咽
swallow 吞下，咽下
15. disgrace n. 不名誉，丢脸，耻辱
[举例] His deed brought disgrace on his family.
他的行为败坏门风。
[词组] fall into disgrace 失宠
[派生] disgraceful adj. 可耻的，不名誉的，丢脸的
disgracefully adv. 不名誉地，失体面地

（四）重点词组
1. hear of 听到，听说 （通常用于否定句及疑问句，不可用进行式）
[举例] I’ve never heard of this person. Who is he?
我从未听说过这个人，他是谁？
2. be responsible for 应对…负责的；成为…原因的
[举例] The boy is responsible for feeding the chickens.
那个男孩负责喂鸡。
The bad weather is responsible for the small attendance.
出席的人不多是因为天气不好。
3. come out (with)大声地说，清楚地说
[举例] She sometimes comes out with the most extraordinary remarks.
她有时说出的话妙语如珠。
He came out with a stream of abuse.
他讲了一连串的污言秽语。
4. smooth out 把…弄平；消除（困难、故障等）
[举例] smooth out a handkerchief把手绢弄平
He smoothed out the ball of crushed paper and read it.
他摊开那张揉成一团的纸读了起来。
5. hold sth / oneself in = restrain, control or check oneself克制/控制感情
[举例] hold in one’s feelings / temper /anger克制感情/忍住脾气/压住怒火
He’s incapable of holding himself in.
他克制不住自己的感情。
6. take the place of 代替，取代
[举例] Nothing could take the place of the family he had lost.
他失去了家庭，这一损失是无法弥补的。
7. get to one’s feet = stand up站起来
[举例] He got to his feet and was ready to go.
他站起来准备走了。
8. over and over again反复地，再三地
[举例] I’ve warned you over and over again not to do that.
我已多次告诫过你不要做那件事。

（五）句子
1. … who was now to hear of murder in the world. (她)就要听到人世间的残杀
句型be to do sth的意思是“按照计划、安排做事情”，或命中注定做某事。
[举例] The army was to launch attack before midnight.
部队要在子夜前发起进攻。
2. The door was not a long time opening, but there was no hurry in the way it moved on its hinges.
不一会儿，门打开了，但是非常缓慢。
1) “The door was not a long time opening”意思相当于 “It was not a long time before the door opened. ”
2) “it moved on its hinges”是定语从句，修饰 “the way”。如果the way在句中作先行词表示“方式，方法”时，定语从句可以省掉in which或that。
3. He could see that she had been patient all her life, so that now, after years of it, her lips were set in a gentle and saintly smile.
他看出她一生都很有耐心，以致于经过多年忍耐后，现在她的嘴边总挂着一丝温柔、圣洁的微笑。
1)句中的so that 引导一个结果状语从句。
2)set在本句中表示“出于…的位置”，“面带…的表情/眼神”，一般用被动。又如，
Her jaw was set firmly in anger. 他生气地咬紧下巴。
4. Her first word was the first word of all surprise.
她说的第一个字就是人们在极度惊恐时首先出口的那个字。
这句话的意思相当于: The first word said by the woman was the same word by all people when they were surprised.
5. … opening the door to someone she had known a long time and would be pleased to sit down with.
…开门迎接的是她相识已久并愿与之促膝谈心的某个人。
这里的with不能省略，因为动词短语to sit down with 的宾语是someone，需要介词with引导宾语。
6. … as if by standing he meant to begin correcting what could not be corrected…
他站了起来，好像以此来表明他准备去挽回那无法挽回的事似的。
动词词组mean to do sth表示“怀着某种目的，打算，意欲”。

五、同义辨析
1. decline, deny, refuse, reject
a. decline表示婉言谢绝，辞谢的意思，强调有礼貌地拒绝。后面可接名词、动名词或不定式。表示用言词拒绝。
b. deny含有拒绝给予之意，可接双宾语，还有否认之意。后面不能跟动词不定式。
c. refuse表示拒绝所请求之事或不愿接受所提供之物，强调不情愿做或接受。后接名词或不定式。
d. reject多用于正式场合，如外交和商务谈判中等，强调当面拒绝所提出的条件，建议等。
[举例] I’m afraid I must decline your invitation / to answer that question.
真抱歉，我必须拒绝你的邀请/不能回答那个问题。
The accused man denies ever having met her / denies that he has ever met her.
被告否认他曾经遇到过她。
She refused his offer.
她拒绝了他的求婚。
He was rejected for the army because of his bad eyesight.
他由于视力差而被拒绝入伍。
2. extend, spread, stretch, expand
a. extend伸出，延伸，指空间范围的扩大，以及长度、宽度的朝外延伸，也可指时间的延长。
b. spread伸开，传播，一般指向四面八方扩大传播的范围，如传播（疾病），散布（信息等）。
c. stretch伸展，拉长，一般指由曲变直、由短变长的伸展，不是加长。
d. expand展开，扩大，不仅指尺寸的增加，还可指范围和体积的扩大。
[举例] The hot weather extended to October.
炎热的天气一直持续到十月份.
The fire soon spread to the adjoining buildings.
火势不久就波及到相邻的建筑。
The cat stretched out in front of the fire.
猫在火炉前伸开四肢。
Water expands when it freezes.
水结冰时会膨胀。

六、学习误区警示

1. eager的用法：
adj. 渴望的，热切的 = keen; full of interest and desire
用于以人为主语的句子：
eager + for / about;
eager + to do sth;
eager + that 从句；
eager + 宾语 + to do sth
[举例] I am eager for knowledge.
我渴望获得知识。
She is eager about her progress.
她渴望进步。
He is eager to go abroad.
他迫切希望到外国去。
I am / was eager that you should arrive there before ten.
我希望你在十点以前到达那里。
I am eager for her to meet my mother.
我渴望她同我母亲见面。
2. whoever pron. (所有格whose(e)ver，宾格whomever)
1) (无先行词的关系代词)任何…的人都
2)(引导表示让步的状语从句)不管…都
3)(疑问代词)究竟是谁
[举例] Whoever walks around in such a heavy rain will catch a cold.
任何在这种大雨中行走的人都会患感冒。
Whoever says / may say so, it is wrong.
不管谁这样说，那是错误的。
Whoever told you such a stupid story?
究竟是谁告诉你一件这么愚蠢的事？

七、课后作业（答案在下一讲）
I. Vocabulary and structure
1. After sitting there for a while, the boy got ____ his feet.
A. up B. on C. to D. down
2. _____ she was, she had thought of opening the door to someone she had known a long time.
A. Whoever B. Whatever C. Whichever D. However
3. The woman began to sob when Homer was sitting there. He really wanted to get ____ and run.
A. off B. out C. Down D. up
4. Homer sat ____ the dry candy while the Mexican woman talked.
A. chew B. chewed C. chewing D. to chew
5. She had thought of opening the door to someone she had known a long time and would be pleased to ____.
A. Like B. As C. Being D. Since
6. He could see that she ____ patient all her life.
A. was B. were C. had been D. has been
7. The madam was to hear _____ murder in the world and to feel it.
A. of B. from C. out D. /
8. It was natural for Tom to feel a little nervous this morning because it was the first time for him to _____ a lecture.
A. send B. deliver C. speak D. provide
9. Our English teacher has agreed to _____ the time limit for our paper.
A. spread B. stretch C. expand D. extend
10. The beggar picked up the torn newspaper and ____ it out.
A. turned B. put C. smoothed D. folded
11. A doctor should be _____ for the lives of the patients.
A. suitable B. famous C. responsible D. competent
12. It is a _____ that the government spends so much money on guns and so little on education.
A. difference B. disgrace C. dependence D. disadvantage
13. Jack said he was late because of his mother’s illness. His teacher smiled with the ____ that he didn’t believe him.
A. attraction B. satisfaction C. understanding D. implication
14. Americans are often _____ with chopsticks.
A. awkward B. awful C. aware D. automatic
15. His speech was so welcome that it was constantly _____ by applause.
A. interrupted B. disturbed C. distracted D. interpreted
16. The young man is swift _____ anger.
A. to B. in C. at D. off
17. I _____ her invitation to the dinner party because I had a prior appointment.
A. rejected B. declined C. refused D. objected
18. Please ____ your food slowly before ____ it.
A. swallow / chewing B. chewing / swallow
C. swallowing / chew D. chew / swallowing
19. He was in ___for having been caught in the act of stealing goods from the supermarket.
A. danger B. disgrace C. debt D. disguise
20. He is very ____ to call on me this afternoon.
A. likely B. probable C. possible D. maybe
21. The poor little boy lost his way, and he sat in the woods ______.
A. to weep B. weep C. weeped D. weeping
22. He ____ finished his work, for he had refused to accept help.
A. lonely B. alone C. lone D. lonesome
23. You are ____ to my dictionary. Whenever you need it, just tell me.
A. welcome B. comparable C. convenient D. relative
24. When he saw Professor Smith, he ____ his hand to him.
A. extended B. expanded C. expended D. exposed
25. It is rude to _____ people when they are talking.
A. interfere B. interrupt C. interpret D. involve

II. Reading comprehension
Passage one
Some radio signals（信号） were heard in 1967. They were coming from a point in the sky where there was no known star. They were coming very regularly（规则地，定期地） too: about once a second. It was as if they were controlled by a clock.
The scientists who heard the signals did not tell anybody else. They were rather afraid to tell in case they frightened people. The signals were coming from a very small body – no bigger, perhaps, than the earth. Was that why no light could be seen from it? Or were the signals coming from a planet that belonged to some other star?
There was no end to the question, but the scientists kept the news secret. “Perhaps there are intelligent beings out there,” they thought, “who are trying to send messages to other planet or to us!” So the news was not given to the newspapers. Instead, the scientists studied the signals and searched for others like them …
Well, all that happened in 1967 and 1968. Since then scientists have learnt more about those strange, regular, radio signals. And they have told the story, of course. The signals do not come from a planet; they come from a new kind of star called a “pulsar”（脉冲星）. About a hundred other pulsars have now been found, and most of them are very like the first one.
Pulsars are strong radio stars. They are the smallest but the heaviest stars we know at present. A handful of pulsars would weigh a few thousand tons. Their light – if they give much light – is too small for us to see. But we can be sure of this: no intelligent（聪明的，智慧的） beings are living on them.
1. The radio signals discussed in this passage ________.
A. were regular
B. were controlled by a clock
C. were heard in 1967 only
D. were secret message
2. The radio signals were sent by ________.
A. a satellite
B. a planet
C. a sky body which was unknown at that time
D. intelligent beings who were unknown at that time
3. The scientists did not tell people about the signals because ________.
A. the signals stood for secret messages
B. people would ask them too many questions
C. they did not want to frighten people
D. they stood for unimportant messages
4. A pulsar is ______.
A. a small heavy star which sends out strong radio signals and cannot be seen
B. a small heavy planet which sends out strong radio signals and cannot be seen
C. a small heavy satellite which sends out strong radio signals and cannot be seen
D. a small intelligent beings which sends out strong radio signals and cannot be seen
5. Which of the following is true?
A. One of the pulsars found by scientists sends radio signals.
B. Pulsars began to send radio signals in 1967
C. Scientists have searched for pulsars for many years but found none.
D. scientists have found many pulsars since 1967.

Passage two
While traveling abroad(在国外), Mr Jackson Frank ran short of money. So he wrote to his brother, asking for $500. “Send the money by telegram,” he wrote, “to the Fisher Bank in P…”
After a week he began calling at the Fisher Bank. He showed his passport(护照). “Nothing has come for you,” he was told. This went on for two weeks, and Mr Frank got very worried. He sent a telegram to his brother, asking where the money was. There was no reply, and no money arrived for him.
In the fourth week Mr Frank was arrested for failing to pay hotel bill. His passport was taken from him. He tried to explain the problem, but no one believed him. He was sent to prison for sixty days.
When he came out, he went immediately to the Fisher Bank. The clerk(职员) he spoke to was a new man. “Have you received $500 for me?” he asked, “My name is Jackson Frank.”
The clerk checked his books. “Yes, Mr Jackson, it’s here. It came by telegram – let me see – oh, more than two months ago. We wondered where you were.” He showed Mr Frank the order.
The order(汇单) read: “Pay Mr Frank Jackson the sum of $500 …”
“But my name is Jackson Frank, not Frank Jackson.”
“Oh, that’s all right, sir. It was in our books under the letter ‘J’, but it’s your money.”
The clerk laughed. “A human mistake, sir! We’re all human beings, aren’t we? And so we all make mistakes. A family name like Frank sounds strange to me.”
Mr frank was silent. He really wanted to hit somebody. At last he said, “A human mistake – is that what you call it? I think some humans need kicking.”

6. Jackson didn’t just go to his brother and get some money because _______.
A. he was afraid to see his brother
B. he was in prison and was not allowed to go anywhere
C. he was traveling in a foreign country and was far from his brother
D. he knew that his brother had no money
7. A week after he had written to his brother, Jackson began ________.
A. telephoning the bank
B. visiting the bank
C. shouting at the clerks of the bank
D. explaining his problem to the clerks of the bank
8. Jackson was arrested and sent to prison because _________.
A. his brother hadn’t sent him any money and he couldn’t pay his hotel bill
B. he had spent almost all his money and couldn’t pay his hotel bill
C. he had lost all his money and couldn’t pay his hotel bill
D. his brother hadn’t sent him as much money as he asked for and he couldn’t pay his hotel bill
9. Which of the following statements is true?
A. The money did not reach the Fisher Bank.
B. The money reached the wrong bank.
C. The money reached the bank after he was arrested.
D. The money reached the bank before he was arrested.
10. The clerks put his name under the wrong letter ________.
A. through carelessness
B. because they were human beings
C. because he had a strange name
D. by pronouncing his name incorrectly

八、英语技能训练

（一）提高英语听力，训练应试技能 （七）
听力考试中的短文应试技巧
2. 描述型
描述型短文就是形象地向读者呈现人、事物、地方、情况、行为等特征的一种短文，它通过人的各种感官来形象地表现对客观世界的印象。这种短文最主要的特点是对所描述的人、事物等的典型性，对其特征的细节描述是文章的重点。这类短文多与说明文、记叙文等其它写作方式结合使用。在听力测试中，描述文占有一定的比例，其听力技巧是抓住所描写人、事物的特征，听清细节。
例题：
You will read:
1. A. 17,000 B. 1,700 C. 24 D. 9,000
2. A. It’s located in a college town.
B. It’s composed of a group of old buildings.
C. Its classrooms are beautifully designed.
D. Its library is often crowded with students.
3. A. Teachers are well paid at Deep Springs.
B. Students are mainly from New York State.
C. The length of schooling is two years.
D. Teachers needn’t pay for their rent and meals.
4. A. Take a walk in the desert.
B. Go to a cinema.
C. Watch TV programs.
D. Attend a party
You will hear:
Deep Springs is an American college. It is high in the white mountains in California not in a college town. The campus is a collection of old buildings with no beautiful classrooms. The only college-like thing about Deep Springs is its library. Students can study from 17,000 books 24 hours a day. The library is never crowded as there are only 24 well-qualified male students at the college. In addition, there are five full-time professors. These teachers believe in the idea of this college. They need to believe in it. They do not get much money. In fact, their salaries are only about 9,000 dollars a year plus room and meals. The school gives the young teachers as well as the students something more important than money. “There is no place like Deep Springs,” says a second-year student from New York State, “Most colleges today are much the same but Deep Spring is not afraid to be different.” He says that students at his college are in a situation quite unlike in the other school. Students are there to learn and cannot run away from problems. There is no place to escape to. At most colleges, students can close their books and go to a film. They can go out to restaurants or to parties. Deep Spring students have completely different alternatives. They talk to each other or to their teachers. Another possible activity is to go to the library to study. They might decide to do some work. The student who doesn’t want to do any of these activities can go for a walk in the desert. Deep Springs is far from the world of restaurants and cinemas. There is not even a television set on campus.
Questions 1 to 4 are based on the passage you have just heard.
1. What is the total number of students at Deep Springs College?
2. What is true of the campus of Deep Springs College?
3. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?
4. Which can students at Deep Springs do in their spare time?
这是一篇以描述为主的短文，描述的对象是美国的Deep Springs。第一句是全文的主题句，第二句提到其特征unusual, 接下来便围绕这一特征展开描述。这时此文的主要结构，也是听音的关键所在。所以考生在听此文时，应该集中精力听好 Deep Springs 的与众不同之处。由于此文属于描述型，因而其提问是针对细节、特征的，不会有较复杂的推理性题目出现。下面看一下问题。第一题是测试对细节信息的获取能力，属于数字计算型题目。根据“The library is never crowded as there are only 24 well-qualified male students at the college”一句可知答案是C)。第二、三题应听清题干是选出“true”的还是“not true”的，是选出“mentioned”的还是“not mentioned”的，否则会枉费心思。第二题仍然是针对细节的提问，根据短文的内容，只有 B) 与实际相符，故选之。第三题是判断题，考生需根据短文的内容逐一筛选，正确答案应为 D)。第四题可从 “ The students who doesn’t want to do any of these activities can go for a walk in the desert”一句判断，可知正确答案是 A)，该题属于对短文表面信息进行考查，在全部测试中属于较易题目。
不同类型的短文具有不同的行文特点，听音时的侧重点也不同，所以了解短文的类型有助于理清文章的脉络结构，也从客观上确定了应当注意的范围。现仍然以上面的考题为例，听完短文的前两句后便知道了本文的主题句(topic sentence) 及类型（本文属于描述型），这样听音时便将重点及时放到具体细节上。此外，对于本文还可以进行简单的语篇分析，理清作者描述的思路。
Deep Springs
location ○1 mountain ○2 not a college town
campus ○1 old building ○2 not beautiful classroom
library ○1 the only college – like thing ○2 never crowded
teachers ○1 5 full-time professors
students ○1 24 male students ○2 talk/study/walk
当然，如果短文不是描述型的，而是其它类型的，考生需迅速调整思路。若短文是说明型的，需将重点放在说明方法的运用上，记录时应把握作者说明的顺序等；若短文是叙事型的，则应注意事件的时间、地点、起因、发展及结局等；若短文是对话型的需注意讲话人的立场、观点、态度等。总之，对于不同类型的短文要采取不同的策略来解决。
短文的类型不同，提问方式也不一样。一般来说，主要有以下几种提问方式：
(1) 关于短文主题的提问方式：
What is the topic of the passage?
What is the article mainly talking about?
Which statement can best express the main idea?
Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
(2) 关于短文事实与细节的提问方式：
Which of the following is (not) mentioned in the article?
According to the passage, which of the following is (not) true?
Why did the speaker mention …?
From the above passage, where/who/when/what/how is …?
What was the cause of …?
(3) 根据短文进行推断的提问方式：
What will happen next?
What can be best said about the man?
What can we learn/infer from the passage?
What is implied …?

（二）阅读理解阅读技巧 （七）
了解阅读理解的考试要求和基本题型以后，我们就可以有计划、有针对性地进行复习，提高自己的阅读能力。在英语学习和复习应考中，应该注意加强下面几个方面：
一、熟悉句子结构
准确理解句子结构是阅读理解的基础。我们必须懂得英语基本语法结构和常用句型，才能正确理解用这些结构和句型写成的句子。
1. 英语句子的基本语序及其意义；
2. 英语句子的结构和常用句型；
3. 各种时体的变化及其意义；
4. 各种从句的构成和意义；
5. 句际之间的所指、省略、替代、重复、逻辑关系等。
例1. 下面是一篇阅读理解题中的一个题目和有关段落：
It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea.
1. It was ______ that asked Maury for help in oceanographic studies.
A. the American Navy
B. some early intercontinental travelers
C. those who earned a living from the sea
D. the company which proposed to lay an undersea cable
本题文的是谁向Maury请教海洋研究方面的问题，必须看懂上面所引用的原文有关段落的第一句。It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. 这是一个强调句，用it was … that 突出被强调部分to Maury of the US Navy。基本意思相当于the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned to Maury of the US Navy … for information on this matter。而题干也是一个强调句，但被强调的部分不再是“向美国海军的Maury请教”，而是突出“谁向Maury请教”。这里我们不但要掌握turned to … for …这个短语，还要掌握强调句型的用法。

（三）写作基础（七）
有关非连接成分
一般情况下，非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致。如果不一致，该状语即为“非连接成分”，或者叫作“垂悬成分”。例如：
1. Climbing up the tower, the whole city came into our view.
2. To swim properly, a course of instruction was necessary.
3. Being Sunday, they went for a picnic.
4. After reading the novel, what impressed me most was the hero’s bravery.
5. He is quick to see his own mistakes when pointed to him.
可以用三种方法来纠正这类错误，一是对句子的结构作必要的改动，使句子的主语与状语的逻辑主语一致起来；二是给状语加上一个适当的逻辑主语，使之成为一个独立结构；三是将状语改成一个从句。因此，上面的病句可以分别改正为：
1. Climbing up the tower, we got a view of the whole city.
或When we climbed up the tower, the whole city came into our view.
2. To swim properly, one needs a course of instruction.
或For you to swim properly, a course of instruction is necessary.
3. As it was Sunday, they went for a picnic.
或It being Sunday, they went for a picnic.
4. After I had read the novel, what impressed me most was the hero’s bravery.
5. He is quick to see his own mistakes when they are pointed to him.
然而，有一类状语，其功能是修饰整个句子，表示说话人的态度或上下文的逻辑关系等，因此不要求其逻辑主语与句子主语取得一致。这种状语可以被看作是习惯表达方式。例如：
Speaking of monkeys, this one is really unique.
To tell you the truth, your composition leaves much room to be desired.
Exercises:
找出并纠正下列句子中的非连接成分错误：
1. Although unexpected, we found their visit to our home enjoyable.
2. Written in simple English, this book is quite easy to read.
3. At first, the paint did not dry completely, causing me to do the job again.
4. I had a summer job that year, therefore, enabling me to stay in school for another term.
5. To see this view properly, the sun must be shining.
6. Returning home in a taxi, the music of the opera still seemed to sing in our ears.

九、Unit 7 练习答案
I. Vocabulary and Structure
1. D 2. B 3. B 4. B 5. D
6. A 7. D 8. C 9. C 10. B
11. C 12. D 13. D 14. B 15. B
16. C 17. D 18. B 19. A 20. D
21. A 22. D 23. C 24. C 25. C
26. A 27. B 28. B 29. C 30. A
II. Reading comprehension
1. D 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. A
6. A 7. A 8. D 9. B 10. B